India
World's biggest democracy on path to decarbonise
India is an icon of the promises and pitfalls of the “traditional” model of economic development: heavy industry, mining, exports of manufactures and minerals, all powered by fossil fuels, lax regulation and cheap labour. This brown economy approach has delivered double digit annual growth rates, a quintupling of GDP per capita, and lifted hundreds of millions out of poverty.
But it has come at a heavy cost. India now emits more carbon than every country in the world save China and the US. Toxic air claims 1.24 million lives every year, one eighth of the country’s total deaths.1 62 billion litres of untreated sewage flow into India’s rivers every day – rivers that millions rely on for drinking water, washing and crop irrigation.2 And soil pollution and erosion threatens food supplies, flood plains and wildlife populations.
Adding to these looming environmental crises is a social one: skyrocketing inequality. The vast majority of India’s new wealth has been cornered by a tiny subset of India’s 1.3 billion people: 73% of the wealth generated in 2017 went to the richest 1% of people, but the poorest half of the population – equivalent to every man, woman and child in Europe – saw their wealth rise just one percent.3
So far at least, the Indian policy response to COVID-19 threatens to further entrench this inequality. Although some of India's giant stimulus spending (worth 7% of total GDP) is targeting nature-positive employment through new jobs in forest management for informal and rural workers, most of the spending lacks specific social conditionality, and implies significant environmental damage. Some green regulations have been suspended, and incentives for EVs and renewables are contrasted with subsidies for coal investment.
The sheer size of India means that domestic policy decisions – especially on climate, carbon and the environment – will have global consequences. And the country does have some genuinely world-leading legislation on climate, renewable energy and poverty reduction. Valuing nature is mixed picture, with ground-breaking early work on national wealth accounting not yet matched by policies to protect the value of nature identified.
India’s growing green finance sector has also driven policy innovation, including a tax on coal that directly finances clean energy, priority central bank lending to key green sectors, and a world-first energy efficiency credits trading programme.
Renewable energy the area of most impressive ambition. India was the first country in the world to establish a dedicated ministry for renewable energy, in 1982. A target of 20 GW of solar capacity by 2022 – decried as wildly optimistic when it was set in 2010 – was passed four years ahead of schedule. India is now targeting 227 GW of renewables by 2022, more than the total installed renewable capacity of Latin America.
However, coal remains a sooty black spot on India’s green credentials. Expanding coal power remains central to the Indian government’s development strategy, and as the world’s fourth largest importer, Indian demand helps prop up much of the world’s declining coal industry. But as India’s surge of cheap renewable power squeezes coal’s wafer-thin profit margins, the next few years will be critical in determining the future not only of India, but the rest of the world as well.
Policy Scores
Last updated 18 Dec 2025
Governance
National Green Economy Planning
India’s overarching transition pathway is articulated through the 2021 “Panchamrit” targets (including net zero by 2070), the Updated First NDC (2022) and a Long-Term Low-Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) submitted to the UNFCCC in November 2022. The LT-LEDS outlines seven strategic transitions (power, transport, urban, industry, CDR, forests, and economic/financial systems), while the Updated NDC raises the 2030 emissions-intensity reduction target to 45% versus 2005 and commits to ~50% cumulative installed electric capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030. Sectoral programmes (e.g., the National Green Hydrogen Mission with an initial outlay of ₹19,744 crore; broader energy-efficiency and carbon market provisions in the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022) underpin implementation. However, there is no single, legally binding, economy-wide “green economy plan” to 2050; rather, India relies on a suite of national strategies, missions and laws with a 2070 net-zero end-point.
India’s overarching transition pathway is articulated through the 2021 “Panchamrit” targets (including net zero by 2070), the Updated First NDC (2022) and a Long-Term Low-Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) submitted to the UNFCCC in November 2022. The LT-LEDS outlines seven strategic transitions (power, transport, urban, industry, CDR, forests, and economic/financial systems), while the Updated NDC raises the 2030 emissions-intensity reduction target to 45% versus 2005 and commits to ~50% cumulative installed electric capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030. Sectoral programmes (e.g., the National Green Hydrogen Mission with an initial outlay of ₹19,744 crore; broader energy-efficiency and carbon market provisions in the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022) underpin implementation. However, there is no single, legally binding, economy-wide “green economy plan” to 2050; rather, India relies on a suite of national strategies, missions and laws with a 2070 net-zero end-point.
Inclusive Corporate Governance
India’s approaches to inclusive governance trhrough its Voluntary National Review (VNR) 2025, which highlights participatory consultations with marginalized groups, including tribal communities and the LGBTQ+ population. However, employee representation in corporate governance is not mandated, and gender diversity on boards is not subject to binding quotas. The Companies Act (2013) requires firms to invest in CSR initiatives, but ESG and SDG alignment in corporate governance remains voluntary. There is no national strategy incentivizing high ESG standards or SDG impact reporting.
India’s approaches to inclusive governance trhrough its Voluntary National Review (VNR) 2025, which highlights participatory consultations with marginalized groups, including tribal communities and the LGBTQ+ population. However, employee representation in corporate governance is not mandated, and gender diversity on boards is not subject to binding quotas. The Companies Act (2013) requires firms to invest in CSR initiatives, but ESG and SDG alignment in corporate governance remains voluntary. There is no national strategy incentivizing high ESG standards or SDG impact reporting.
Participatory Policymaking
India has a formal Pre-Legislative Consultation Policy (PLCP, 2014) encouraging publication of draft legislation and 30-day consultations; compliance is not uniform and is not legally binding across all cases, as noted by parliamentary Q&A. Environmental assessments require public hearings under the EIA Notification, 2006, and Social Impact Assessments are mandated for most land acquisition under the RFCTLARR Act, 2013. Forest-dependent and indigenous communities have procedural rights under the Forest Rights Act, 2006 (e.g., Gram Sabha roles), though practice varies and some recent processes have been contested. Overall, India has multiple consultation/assessment instruments, but coverage across policy areas and consistent attention to all marginalised groups is partial.
India has a formal Pre-Legislative Consultation Policy (PLCP, 2014) encouraging publication of draft legislation and 30-day consultations; compliance is not uniform and is not legally binding across all cases, as noted by parliamentary Q&A. Environmental assessments require public hearings under the EIA Notification, 2006, and Social Impact Assessments are mandated for most land acquisition under the RFCTLARR Act, 2013. Forest-dependent and indigenous communities have procedural rights under the Forest Rights Act, 2006 (e.g., Gram Sabha roles), though practice varies and some recent processes have been contested. Overall, India has multiple consultation/assessment instruments, but coverage across policy areas and consistent attention to all marginalised groups is partial.
Beyond GDP
The Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI) compiles EnviStats India: Environment Accounts in accordance with the UN SEEA framework and has expanded domain coverage (e.g., material flow, solid-waste accounts, fish provisioning, soil-erosion prevention services). MoSPI also publishes guidance on natural capital accounting, while NITI Aayog’s SDG India Index (2023–24) tracks sub-national progress against 113 indicators aligned to MoSPI’s National Indicator Framework. These demonstrate significant statistical progress, but there is no fully integrated national comprehensive wealth framework covering all capitals embedded in budgeting and planning cycles.
The Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI) compiles EnviStats India: Environment Accounts in accordance with the UN SEEA framework and has expanded domain coverage (e.g., material flow, solid-waste accounts, fish provisioning, soil-erosion prevention services). MoSPI also publishes guidance on natural capital accounting, while NITI Aayog’s SDG India Index (2023–24) tracks sub-national progress against 113 indicators aligned to MoSPI’s National Indicator Framework. These demonstrate significant statistical progress, but there is no fully integrated national comprehensive wealth framework covering all capitals embedded in budgeting and planning cycles.
Finance
Green Finance & Banking
India’s financial system has become more resilient, with the IMF’s 2025 Financial System Stability Assessment confirming that banks and non-bank financial institutions (NBFCs) are generally robust under macrofinancial stress scenarios. However, climate-related and ESG risks are not yet fully integrated into stress testing frameworks. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued sustainable development reporting guidelines for banks, and green bond issuance is growing, supported by the Green Bond Market Development Council. Despite momentum, there is no mandatory ESG stress testing or penalties for polluting investments.
India’s financial system has become more resilient, with the IMF’s 2025 Financial System Stability Assessment confirming that banks and non-bank financial institutions (NBFCs) are generally robust under macrofinancial stress scenarios. However, climate-related and ESG risks are not yet fully integrated into stress testing frameworks. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has issued sustainable development reporting guidelines for banks, and green bond issuance is growing, supported by the Green Bond Market Development Council. Despite momentum, there is no mandatory ESG stress testing or penalties for polluting investments.
Greening Fiscal & Monetary Policy
India is in the process of gradually greening its fiscal and monetary framework, with sovereign green bonds, a “green growth” focus in recent Union Budgets, and a new national climate-finance taxonomy, but climate budget tagging and systematic reviews of environmental fiscal risks remain partial. The Reserve Bank of India has issued draft climate-risk disclosure rules, run pilot climate stress tests, and is preparing to require climate-risk stress testing and disclosures from banks.
India is in the process of gradually greening its fiscal and monetary framework, with sovereign green bonds, a “green growth” focus in recent Union Budgets, and a new national climate-finance taxonomy, but climate budget tagging and systematic reviews of environmental fiscal risks remain partial. The Reserve Bank of India has issued draft climate-risk disclosure rules, run pilot climate stress tests, and is preparing to require climate-risk stress testing and disclosures from banks.
Green Trade Practices
India includes limited sustainability or environmental provisions in its trade agreements. Agreements such as the India–UAE CEPA (2022), India–EFTA TEPA (2024), and India–UK CETA (signed July 2025) contain references to sustainable development and standards (e.g. SPS/TBT), but do not establish binding, enforceable market-access liberalisation for environmental goods and services (EGS), nor interoperability of green taxonomies or carbon-pricing regimes. India also participates in the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) Clean Economy Agreement (2023), which promotes cooperation on clean energy, investment facilitation and MSME support, but is non-binding. Domestically, the Agriculture Export Policy (2018) promotes sustainable exports, but does not embed green trade liberalisation. India is not part of any multilateral green trade pact with binding provisions, and there is no evidence of CBDR-linked market-access exemptions in force.
India includes limited sustainability or environmental provisions in its trade agreements. Agreements such as the India–UAE CEPA (2022), India–EFTA TEPA (2024), and India–UK CETA (signed July 2025) contain references to sustainable development and standards (e.g. SPS/TBT), but do not establish binding, enforceable market-access liberalisation for environmental goods and services (EGS), nor interoperability of green taxonomies or carbon-pricing regimes. India also participates in the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF) Clean Economy Agreement (2023), which promotes cooperation on clean energy, investment facilitation and MSME support, but is non-binding. Domestically, the Agriculture Export Policy (2018) promotes sustainable exports, but does not embed green trade liberalisation. India is not part of any multilateral green trade pact with binding provisions, and there is no evidence of CBDR-linked market-access exemptions in force.
Pricing Carbon
India has no economy-wide carbon tax or ETS, but levies a domestic coal cess (“clean energy cess”) of 400/tonne (~US $5/tCO₂) and operates a Perform, Achieve, Trade (PAT) market for energy-efficiency certificates in large industries and a Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) trading system. The government is developing a voluntary carbon market and, in 2023, announced plans for a domestic Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) under the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act 2022, with draft rules issued in 2024 and pilots expected 2025–26. Legally binding carbon budgets are absent; India’s NDC targets a 45% emissions-intensity reduction by 2030 (from 2005) and net-zero by 2070.
India has no economy-wide carbon tax or ETS, but levies a domestic coal cess (“clean energy cess”) of 400/tonne (~US $5/tCO₂) and operates a Perform, Achieve, Trade (PAT) market for energy-efficiency certificates in large industries and a Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) trading system. The government is developing a voluntary carbon market and, in 2023, announced plans for a domestic Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS) under the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act 2022, with draft rules issued in 2024 and pilots expected 2025–26. Legally binding carbon budgets are absent; India’s NDC targets a 45% emissions-intensity reduction by 2030 (from 2005) and net-zero by 2070.
Sectors
Cross-Sectoral Planning
"The 2025 Union Budget introduces strategies in energy, transport, agriculture, and urban sectors, including the National Mission on High Yielding Seeds, EV incentives, and the Urban Challenge Fund. Despite robust sectoral plans, there is currently no central intersectoral body with a formal mandate for coordinating green economy planning across all ministries.
"The 2025 Union Budget introduces strategies in energy, transport, agriculture, and urban sectors, including the National Mission on High Yielding Seeds, EV incentives, and the Urban Challenge Fund. Despite robust sectoral plans, there is currently no central intersectoral body with a formal mandate for coordinating green economy planning across all ministries.
Circular Economy
India has initiated a Circular Economy Mission, coordinated by NITI Aayog and MoEFCC, which identifies 11 priority sectors including e-waste, plastics, tyres, vehicles, agriculture and solar panels, supported by sectoral committees chaired by relevant ministries. In December 2023, the government also released a National Circular Economy Roadmap for Reducing Plastic Waste, developed with Australia and academic institutions under the Ministry of Science & Technology. Regulatory tools include the Plastic Waste Management Rules (2016, updated periodically), Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) frameworks for plastics, batteries, tyres and e-waste, and Sustainable Procurement Guidelines. However, India does not yet have a consolidated, economy-wide roadmap with a quantified Circular Material Use Rate (CMUR) target, and monitoring systems remain under development.
India has initiated a Circular Economy Mission, coordinated by NITI Aayog and MoEFCC, which identifies 11 priority sectors including e-waste, plastics, tyres, vehicles, agriculture and solar panels, supported by sectoral committees chaired by relevant ministries. In December 2023, the government also released a National Circular Economy Roadmap for Reducing Plastic Waste, developed with Australia and academic institutions under the Ministry of Science & Technology. Regulatory tools include the Plastic Waste Management Rules (2016, updated periodically), Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) frameworks for plastics, batteries, tyres and e-waste, and Sustainable Procurement Guidelines. However, India does not yet have a consolidated, economy-wide roadmap with a quantified Circular Material Use Rate (CMUR) target, and monitoring systems remain under development.
Green Transport & Mobility
India’s electric mobility strategy is coordinated by NITI Aayog’s E-Mobility Division and supported by flagship schemes such as PM-E-DRIVE, FAME II (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles), and the PLI-Auto programme. The government targets 30% EV penetration in new vehicle sales by 2030, supported by incentives, battery swapping guidelines, and freight electrification frameworks. Implementation tools include the Model Concession Agreement for electric buses and the Handbook for EV Charging Infrastructure (Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 2023). Fiscal measures include subsidies for EVs and support for charging stations. Subnational programmes — such as Delhi’s EV Policy and Mumbai’s municipal fleet plans — are advancing, but there is no binding national mandate to electrify all public, private, and freight transport by 2030.
India’s electric mobility strategy is coordinated by NITI Aayog’s E-Mobility Division and supported by flagship schemes such as PM-E-DRIVE, FAME II (Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles), and the PLI-Auto programme. The government targets 30% EV penetration in new vehicle sales by 2030, supported by incentives, battery swapping guidelines, and freight electrification frameworks. Implementation tools include the Model Concession Agreement for electric buses and the Handbook for EV Charging Infrastructure (Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 2023). Fiscal measures include subsidies for EVs and support for charging stations. Subnational programmes — such as Delhi’s EV Policy and Mumbai’s municipal fleet plans — are advancing, but there is no binding national mandate to electrify all public, private, and freight transport by 2030.
Clean Energy
"In 2024, India added 27 GW of renewable capacity, bringing the total to 214 GW. The 2025 roadmap targets 500 GW of non-fossil capacity by 2030. Key initiatives include the PM Surya Ghar rooftop solar program and the National Green Hydrogen Mission. Renewables now account for over 43% of installed electricity capacity. There is no formal target of 90% final energy renewables, and grid integration and DISCOM financial health pose challenges.
"In 2024, India added 27 GW of renewable capacity, bringing the total to 214 GW. The 2025 roadmap targets 500 GW of non-fossil capacity by 2030. Key initiatives include the PM Surya Ghar rooftop solar program and the National Green Hydrogen Mission. Renewables now account for over 43% of installed electricity capacity. There is no formal target of 90% final energy renewables, and grid integration and DISCOM financial health pose challenges.
Just Transition
Green Job Creation
"India’s green employment strategy includes green skills programs led by the Ministry of Skill Development and the Skills Council for Green Jobs. The 2025 budget provides upskilling and just-transition support for fossil-dependent regions. The ILO's 2023 readiness assessment identifies policy engagement in key sectors. A unified national action plan for green jobs and just transition remains under development.
"India’s green employment strategy includes green skills programs led by the Ministry of Skill Development and the Skills Council for Green Jobs. The 2025 budget provides upskilling and just-transition support for fossil-dependent regions. The ILO's 2023 readiness assessment identifies policy engagement in key sectors. A unified national action plan for green jobs and just transition remains under development.
Just Transition Frameworks
A dedicated national just transition framework has not yet been legislated. The Ministry of Coal established a Sustainability & Just Transition Division (evolved from the Sustainable Development Cell) and continues to strengthen mine-closure rules (including 2025 mining/closure plan guidelines with third-party audits). An Inter-Ministerial Committee on Just Transition from Coal (under the India–US SCEP) recommended a national policy and state-level regional development plans. These actions indicate elements of framework development in coal regions, but a comprehensive cross-sector national framework with benefit-sharing guidance and implementation pipelines is still in formation.
A dedicated national just transition framework has not yet been legislated. The Ministry of Coal established a Sustainability & Just Transition Division (evolved from the Sustainable Development Cell) and continues to strengthen mine-closure rules (including 2025 mining/closure plan guidelines with third-party audits). An Inter-Ministerial Committee on Just Transition from Coal (under the India–US SCEP) recommended a national policy and state-level regional development plans. These actions indicate elements of framework development in coal regions, but a comprehensive cross-sector national framework with benefit-sharing guidance and implementation pipelines is still in formation.
Greening MSMEs & Social Enterprise
India supports MSMEs through various schemes, including the Udyam Registration Portal, SIDBI green finance initiatives, and entrepreneurship development programmes. However, India does not have a distinct legal form for social enterprises, and green entrepreneurship support is fragmented. The OECD identifies India as a key player in greening SMEs, but access to sustainable finance and regulatory support remains uneven. There is no centralized national strategy for greening MSMEs or formal recognition of social enterprises.
India supports MSMEs through various schemes, including the Udyam Registration Portal, SIDBI green finance initiatives, and entrepreneurship development programmes. However, India does not have a distinct legal form for social enterprises, and green entrepreneurship support is fragmented. The OECD identifies India as a key player in greening SMEs, but access to sustainable finance and regulatory support remains uneven. There is no centralized national strategy for greening MSMEs or formal recognition of social enterprises.
Inclusive Social Protection
"The 2025 budget strengthens social safety nets for informal workers and women entrepreneurs. Environmental co-benefits arise from programs like Skill India and the Jal Jeevan Mission. Some pilot initiatives incorporate sustainability elements. However, a formal national strategy explicitly linking social protection to the green economy is not in place.
"The 2025 budget strengthens social safety nets for informal workers and women entrepreneurs. Environmental co-benefits arise from programs like Skill India and the Jal Jeevan Mission. Some pilot initiatives incorporate sustainability elements. However, a formal national strategy explicitly linking social protection to the green economy is not in place.
Nature
Ocean & Land Conservation
India’s updated National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan 2024–2030 aligns with the Kunming-Montreal GBF, setting 23 national targets and a monitoring framework with designated agencies. Institutional conservation is robust: India has 1,014 Protected Areas (~5.32% land area), governed under the Wildlife Protection Act (amended 2022), with financial support via CAMPA. The NBSAP revision followed a multi-stakeholder process led by MoEFCC/NBA and is designed for cross-sectoral integration. While periodic reports (e.g. MoEFCC annual report, CBD national reports) present biodiversity trends, publicly accessible, quantified interim assessments tied directly to GBF targets remain in the process of consolidation.
India’s updated National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan 2024–2030 aligns with the Kunming-Montreal GBF, setting 23 national targets and a monitoring framework with designated agencies. Institutional conservation is robust: India has 1,014 Protected Areas (~5.32% land area), governed under the Wildlife Protection Act (amended 2022), with financial support via CAMPA. The NBSAP revision followed a multi-stakeholder process led by MoEFCC/NBA and is designed for cross-sectoral integration. While periodic reports (e.g. MoEFCC annual report, CBD national reports) present biodiversity trends, publicly accessible, quantified interim assessments tied directly to GBF targets remain in the process of consolidation.
Natural Capital Accounting
India is a global leader in natural capital accounting through its NCAVES project, coordinated by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). The country publishes annual EnviStats India reports, covering ecosystem extent, condition, and services. Sub-national accounts have been developed in Karnataka, and India chairs the SEEA Taskforce on Indicators. The India-EVL Tool supports valuation of ecosystem services. However, there is no independent advisory body with statutory powers to guide policy based on natural capital data.
India is a global leader in natural capital accounting through its NCAVES project, coordinated by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI). The country publishes annual EnviStats India reports, covering ecosystem extent, condition, and services. Sub-national accounts have been developed in Karnataka, and India chairs the SEEA Taskforce on Indicators. The India-EVL Tool supports valuation of ecosystem services. However, there is no independent advisory body with statutory powers to guide policy based on natural capital data.
Sustainable Agriculture & Food Systems
India’s agriculture policy incorporates sustainability through multiple programmes. The National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) promotes soil health, water efficiency, and integrated farming. The India–UN Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (2023–2027), coordinated by NITI Aayog, aligns national priorities with SDGs 2 and 12, supporting nutrition, food security, and sustainable consumption. Additional initiatives include Operation Greens, agroecological transition pilots, and the National Action Plan on Food Security and Climate Change (2024). While these frameworks promote climate resilience, food waste reduction and sustainable production, India does not yet have a unified food systems strategy with quantified ecological footprint targets or a time-bound phase-out of harmful subsidies.
India’s agriculture policy incorporates sustainability through multiple programmes. The National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) promotes soil health, water efficiency, and integrated farming. The India–UN Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework (2023–2027), coordinated by NITI Aayog, aligns national priorities with SDGs 2 and 12, supporting nutrition, food security, and sustainable consumption. Additional initiatives include Operation Greens, agroecological transition pilots, and the National Action Plan on Food Security and Climate Change (2024). While these frameworks promote climate resilience, food waste reduction and sustainable production, India does not yet have a unified food systems strategy with quantified ecological footprint targets or a time-bound phase-out of harmful subsidies.
Nature Finance
India has introduced several nature- and climate-finance instruments and reforms: sovereign green bonds (multiple auctions since 2023), SEBI’s 2023 green-debt disclosure framework and BRSR Core ESG reporting for large listed entities, and the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022 enabling a national carbon-credit trading scheme (CCTS; rules notified in 2023–24). Fiscal transfers include ecological criteria in Finance Commission devolution, and significant statutory funding flows to afforestation via CAMPA. In parallel, substantial subsidies (e.g., fertilizers and some fossil-fuel support) continue. IPLC support rests mainly on statutory frameworks (e.g., FRA) rather than large dedicated national nature-finance windows. Overall, India is building a sizable green-finance architecture, though comprehensive reform to remove harmful subsidies and scale targeted IPLC finance is partial.
India has introduced several nature- and climate-finance instruments and reforms: sovereign green bonds (multiple auctions since 2023), SEBI’s 2023 green-debt disclosure framework and BRSR Core ESG reporting for large listed entities, and the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022 enabling a national carbon-credit trading scheme (CCTS; rules notified in 2023–24). Fiscal transfers include ecological criteria in Finance Commission devolution, and significant statutory funding flows to afforestation via CAMPA. In parallel, substantial subsidies (e.g., fertilizers and some fossil-fuel support) continue. IPLC support rests mainly on statutory frameworks (e.g., FRA) rather than large dedicated national nature-finance windows. Overall, India is building a sizable green-finance architecture, though comprehensive reform to remove harmful subsidies and scale targeted IPLC finance is partial.
Green Recovery
Green Recovery Measures
COVID-era stabilisation was delivered primarily through the Atmanirbhar Bharat packages (2020–2021) with large support to liquidity, social protection and MSMEs; green conditionality was limited. Subsequent recovery and growth programmes added sectoral green investments (e.g., Production-Linked Incentives for solar/batteries/EV value chains; National Green Hydrogen Mission), but these were not framed as time-bound stimulus with systematic green conditions. Official trackers summarise the size and composition of support; environment-specific measures were a modest share relative to total relief.
COVID-era stabilisation was delivered primarily through the Atmanirbhar Bharat packages (2020–2021) with large support to liquidity, social protection and MSMEs; green conditionality was limited. Subsequent recovery and growth programmes added sectoral green investments (e.g., Production-Linked Incentives for solar/batteries/EV value chains; National Green Hydrogen Mission), but these were not framed as time-bound stimulus with systematic green conditions. Official trackers summarise the size and composition of support; environment-specific measures were a modest share relative to total relief.